The India Power Atlas
Part IX · External Actors
Chapter 42

Europe, Russia, the Gulf and Other States

Arena 8.6 · weight 0.82 · reading 38.2 · opposed majority

42.1Scope

Europe (EU and UK), Russia, the Gulf governments, Japan, Canada, Turkey, Iran, the UN system, Khalistan networks and India’s other neighbours.

Principal evidence: Threat-weighted India share against each member: Lowy 2025 where covered (Russia, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka), else GDP.

42.2Significance

Trade and carbon rules, energy, arms, remittances, and diplomatic pressure.

42.3Indicators and weights

Table 42.1 lists the 5 indicators of the arena, the weight of each within the arena, and each indicator’s reading (the Hindutva-aligned share, from 0 to 100).

Table 42.1. Indicators of arena 8.6

IndicatorWeightReading
Russia, Gulf, Japan & others: Member-weighted share (Lowy or GDP: Russia, Gulf, Japan, Canada, Turkey, Iran …)10.3869.8
Russia, Gulf, Japan & others: Energy security (100 − crude import share)20.2511.3
Europe: Economic interdependence30.1816.8
Europe: Defence interdependence40.1145.3
Europe: European-origin grants50.079.4
Arena reading1.0038.2

42.4Reading

The arena reads 38.2, 11.8 points below parity, and is classified as opposed majority (a reading below 45). With a weight of 0.82 of a total 107.7, it contributes 0.29 points to the composite reading of 45.7.

The indicators diverge: the highest reading is for Russia, Gulf, Japan & others: Member-weighted share (Lowy or GDP: Russia, Gulf, Japan, Canada, Turkey, Iran …) (69.8), the lowest for Europe: European-origin grants (9.4).

Figure 42.1. Readings of arena 8.6 by indicator
050100
Russia, Gulf, Japan & others: Member-weighted share (Lowy or GDP: Russia, Gulf, Japan, Canada, Turkey, Iran …)69.8
Russia, Gulf, Japan & others: Energy security (100 − crude import share)11.3
Europe: Economic interdependence16.8
Europe: Defence interdependence45.3
Europe: European-origin grants9.4
Arena reading38.2
Hindutva-alignedOpposed

Each bar divides the indicator between Hindutva-aligned (left) and opposed (right) holdings. The vertical rule marks parity.

42.5Measures and exhibits

The exhibits below are the Atlas’s own views of the data behind each measure: shares by side, the largest units, breakdowns by source, recipient and country, money-flow diagrams and time series. Full row-level ledgers are in the data file (Appendix D).

Measure 1. Russia, Gulf, Japan & others: Member-weighted share (Lowy or GDP: Russia, Gulf, Japan, Canada, Turkey, Iran …)

Reading 69.8%

Bangladesh moved to Global Islam

Figure 42.2. Each counted row: the 15 highest of 27 (score /100)Rates and shares are not added up: each row is its own reading.
Lowy API 2025: Japan Diplomatic influence85.4
Lowy API 2025: India Diplomatic influence70.8
Lowy API 2025: Russia Resilience69.6
Lowy API 2025: Russia Diplomatic influence57.7
Lowy API 2025: Japan Defence networks56.5
Lowy API 2025: India Resilience55.5
Lowy API 2025: Russia Military capability55.4
Lowy API 2025: India Future resources55.1
Lowy API 2025: Japan Cultural influence48.5
Lowy API 2025: India Military capability48
Lowy API 2025: India Cultural influence41.5
Lowy API 2025: India overall40
Lowy API 2025: Japan overall38.8
Lowy API 2025: Japan Economic relationships36.9
Lowy API 2025: Japan Resilience34.3
0100
Hindutva-alignedOpposed
Data table
score /100Side
Lowy API 2025: Japan Diplomatic influence85.4Opposed
Lowy API 2025: India Diplomatic influence70.8Hindutva-aligned
Lowy API 2025: Russia Resilience69.6Opposed
Lowy API 2025: Russia Diplomatic influence57.7Opposed
Lowy API 2025: Japan Defence networks56.5Opposed
Lowy API 2025: India Resilience55.5Hindutva-aligned
Lowy API 2025: Russia Military capability55.4Opposed
Lowy API 2025: India Future resources55.1Hindutva-aligned
Lowy API 2025: Japan Cultural influence48.5Opposed
Lowy API 2025: India Military capability48Hindutva-aligned
Lowy API 2025: India Cultural influence41.5Hindutva-aligned
Lowy API 2025: India overall40Hindutva-aligned
Lowy API 2025: Japan overall38.8Opposed
Lowy API 2025: Japan Economic relationships36.9Opposed
Lowy API 2025: Japan Resilience34.3Opposed

Measure 2. Russia, Gulf, Japan & others: Energy security (100 − crude import share)

Reading 11.3%

88.7% of crude imported

Figure 42.3. Over time: Russia’s share of India’s exports · % of India total exports
02.557.5102014201620182020202220242026Russia’s share of India’s exports 2014: 0.67% of India total exportsRussia’s share of India’s exports 2015: 0.68% of India total exportsRussia’s share of India’s exports 2016: 0.61% of India total exportsRussia’s share of India’s exports 2017: 0.7% of India total exportsRussia’s share of India’s exports 2018: 0.7% of India total exportsRussia’s share of India’s exports 2019: 0.72% of India total exportsRussia’s share of India’s exports 2020: 0.96% of India total exportsRussia’s share of India’s exports 2021: 0.91% of India total exportsRussia’s share of India’s exports 2022: 0.77% of India total exportsRussia’s share of India’s exports 2023: 0.7% of India total exportsRussia’s share of India’s exports 2024: 0.97% of India total exportsRussia’s share of India’s exports 2025: 1.12% of India total exportsRussia’s share of India’s exports 2026: 1.02% of India total exports1.02
Data table
Russia’s share of India’s exports
20140.67
20150.68
20160.61
20170.7
20180.7
20190.72
20200.96
20210.91
20220.77
20230.7
20240.97
20251.12
20261.02
Figure 42.4. Over time: India’s exports to Russia, India’s imports from Russia, Trade balance with Russia · $ billion
-500502014201620182020202220242026India’s exports to Russia 2014: 2.12$ billionIndia’s exports to Russia 2015: 2.1$ billionIndia’s exports to Russia 2016: 1.59$ billionIndia’s exports to Russia 2017: 1.94$ billionIndia’s exports to Russia 2018: 2.11$ billionIndia’s exports to Russia 2019: 2.39$ billionIndia’s exports to Russia 2020: 3.02$ billionIndia’s exports to Russia 2021: 2.66$ billionIndia’s exports to Russia 2022: 3.26$ billionIndia’s exports to Russia 2023: 3.15$ billionIndia’s exports to Russia 2024: 4.26$ billionIndia’s exports to Russia 2025: 4.88$ billionIndia’s exports to Russia 2026: 4.49$ billionIndia’s imports from Russia 2014: 3.89$ billionIndia’s imports from Russia 2015: 4.25$ billionIndia’s imports from Russia 2016: 4.59$ billionIndia’s imports from Russia 2017: 5.55$ billionIndia’s imports from Russia 2018: 8.57$ billionIndia’s imports from Russia 2019: 5.84$ billionIndia’s imports from Russia 2020: 7.09$ billionIndia’s imports from Russia 2021: 5.49$ billionIndia’s imports from Russia 2022: 9.87$ billionIndia’s imports from Russia 2023: 46.2$ billionIndia’s imports from Russia 2024: 61.2$ billionIndia’s imports from Russia 2025: 63.8$ billionIndia’s imports from Russia 2026: 55.4$ billionTrade balance with Russia 2014: -1.77$ billionTrade balance with Russia 2015: -2.15$ billionTrade balance with Russia 2016: -3$ billionTrade balance with Russia 2017: -3.61$ billionTrade balance with Russia 2018: -6.46$ billionTrade balance with Russia 2019: -3.45$ billionTrade balance with Russia 2020: -4.07$ billionTrade balance with Russia 2021: -2.83$ billionTrade balance with Russia 2022: -6.61$ billionTrade balance with Russia 2023: -43.1$ billionTrade balance with Russia 2024: -56.9$ billionTrade balance with Russia 2025: -58.9$ billionTrade balance with Russia 2026: -50.9$ billion55.44.49-50.9
India’s exports to RussiaIndia’s imports from RussiaTrade balance with Russia
Data table
India’s exports to RussiaIndia’s imports from RussiaTrade balance with Russia
20142.123.89-1.77
20152.14.25-2.15
20161.594.59-3
20171.945.55-3.61
20182.118.57-6.46
20192.395.84-3.45
20203.027.09-4.07
20212.665.49-2.83
20223.269.87-6.61
20233.1546.2-43.1
20244.2661.2-56.9
20254.8863.8-58.9
20264.4955.4-50.9
Figure 42.5. Over time: Russia’s share of India’s imports · % of India total imports
02.557.5102014201620182020202220242026Russia’s share of India’s imports 2014: 0.87% of India total importsRussia’s share of India’s imports 2015: 0.95% of India total importsRussia’s share of India’s imports 2016: 1.2% of India total importsRussia’s share of India’s imports 2017: 1.44% of India total importsRussia’s share of India’s imports 2018: 1.84% of India total importsRussia’s share of India’s imports 2019: 1.14% of India total importsRussia’s share of India’s imports 2020: 1.49% of India total importsRussia’s share of India’s imports 2021: 1.39% of India total importsRussia’s share of India’s imports 2022: 1.61% of India total importsRussia’s share of India’s imports 2023: 6.45% of India total importsRussia’s share of India’s imports 2024: 9.07% of India total importsRussia’s share of India’s imports 2025: 8.85% of India total importsRussia’s share of India’s imports 2026: 7.14% of India total imports7.14
Data table
Russia’s share of India’s imports
20140.87
20150.95
20161.2
20171.44
20181.84
20191.14
20201.49
20211.39
20221.61
20236.45
20249.07
20258.85
20267.14

Measure 3. Europe: Economic interdependence

Reading 16.8%

India 2.3% of EU trade in goods (DG Trade, 2025) vs EU 11.4% of India’s

Figure 42.6. Hindutva-aligned vs opposed, counted rows (US$ million)
Hindutva-aligned 33,551 US$ million · 4.1%Opposed 7,75,241 US$ million · 95.9%Transactional 0 US$ million · 0.0%Neutral / not counted 0 US$ million · 0.0%
Data table
US$ millionShare
Hindutva-aligned33,5514.1%
Opposed7,75,24195.9%
Transactional00.0%
Neutral / not counted00.0%
Figure 42.7. The 15 biggest of 26 (US$ million)
Europe-all: India merchandise imports from 1 Europe1,05,160
Europe-all: India merchandise exports to 1 Europe98,441
Europe-all: India merchandise imports from 1 Europe94,741
Europe-all: India merchandise exports to 1 Europe92,498
Europe-EU: India merchandise exports to EU Countries75,854
Europe-EU: India merchandise exports to EU Countries72,391
Europe-EU: India merchandise imports from EU Countries66,186
Europe-EU: India merchandise imports from EU Countries60,681
Europe-Germany: India merchandise imports from GERMANY19,479
Europe-Germany: India merchandise imports from GERMANY18,948
Europe-EU: India trade balance with EU Countries15,173
Europe-UK: India merchandise exports to U K14,550
Europe-UK: India merchandise exports to U K13,444
Europe-UK: India merchandise imports from U K11,667
Europe-Germany: India merchandise exports to GERMANY11,526
Hindutva-alignedOpposed
Data table
US$ millionSide
Europe-all: India merchandise imports from 1 Europe1,05,160Opposed
Europe-all: India merchandise exports to 1 Europe98,441Opposed
Europe-all: India merchandise imports from 1 Europe94,741Opposed
Europe-all: India merchandise exports to 1 Europe92,498Opposed
Europe-EU: India merchandise exports to EU Countries75,854Opposed
Europe-EU: India merchandise exports to EU Countries72,391Opposed
Europe-EU: India merchandise imports from EU Countries66,186Opposed
Europe-EU: India merchandise imports from EU Countries60,681Opposed
Europe-Germany: India merchandise imports from GERMANY19,479Opposed
Europe-Germany: India merchandise imports from GERMANY18,948Opposed
Europe-EU: India trade balance with EU Countries15,173Hindutva-aligned
Europe-UK: India merchandise exports to U K14,550Opposed
Europe-UK: India merchandise exports to U K13,444Opposed
Europe-UK: India merchandise imports from U K11,667Opposed
Europe-Germany: India merchandise exports to GERMANY11,526Opposed
Figure 42.8. Each counted row (percent)Rates and shares are not added up: each row is its own reading.
Europe-UK: growth of India imports from U K35.9
Europe-France: growth of India imports from FRANCE19.9
Europe-Germany: growth of India exports to GERMANY8.44
Europe-Germany: growth of India imports from GERMANY2.8
0100%
Data table
percentSide
Europe-UK: growth of India imports from U K35.9Neutral / not counted
Europe-France: growth of India imports from FRANCE19.9Neutral / not counted
Europe-Germany: growth of India exports to GERMANY8.44Neutral / not counted
Europe-Germany: growth of India imports from GERMANY2.8Neutral / not counted
Figure 42.9. The 15 biggest of 20 (USD mn)
Netherlands: Cumulative FDI equity inflow Apr 2000-Mar 202656,676
UK: Cumulative FDI equity inflow Apr 2000-Mar 202636,894
Cyprus: Cumulative FDI equity inflow Apr 2000-Mar 202616,065
Germany: Cumulative FDI equity inflow Apr 2000-Mar 202615,607
France: Cumulative FDI equity inflow Apr 2000-Mar 202612,254
Luxembourg: Cumulative FDI equity inflow Apr 2000-Mar 20265,712
Netherlands: FDI equity inflow FY2023-24 / FY2024-25 / FY2025-264,924
Netherlands: FDI equity inflow calendar 20252,848
Ireland: Cumulative FDI equity inflow Apr 2000-Mar 20262,241
Cyprus: FDI equity inflow calendar 20251,428
UK: FDI equity inflow FY2023-24 / FY2024-25 / FY2025-261,216
UK: FDI equity inflow calendar 20251,057
Norway: Cumulative FDI equity inflow Apr 2000-Mar 2026994
Cyprus: FDI equity inflow FY2023-24 / FY2024-25 / FY2025-26806
Luxembourg: FDI equity inflow calendar 2025545
Data table
USD mnSide
Netherlands: Cumulative FDI equity inflow Apr 2000-Mar 202656,676Opposed
UK: Cumulative FDI equity inflow Apr 2000-Mar 202636,894Opposed
Cyprus: Cumulative FDI equity inflow Apr 2000-Mar 202616,065Opposed
Germany: Cumulative FDI equity inflow Apr 2000-Mar 202615,607Opposed
France: Cumulative FDI equity inflow Apr 2000-Mar 202612,254Opposed
Luxembourg: Cumulative FDI equity inflow Apr 2000-Mar 20265,712Opposed
Netherlands: FDI equity inflow FY2023-24 / FY2024-25 / FY2025-264,924Opposed
Netherlands: FDI equity inflow calendar 20252,848Opposed
Ireland: Cumulative FDI equity inflow Apr 2000-Mar 20262,241Opposed
Cyprus: FDI equity inflow calendar 20251,428Opposed
UK: FDI equity inflow FY2023-24 / FY2024-25 / FY2025-261,216Opposed
UK: FDI equity inflow calendar 20251,057Opposed
Norway: Cumulative FDI equity inflow Apr 2000-Mar 2026994Opposed
Cyprus: FDI equity inflow FY2023-24 / FY2024-25 / FY2025-26806Opposed
Luxembourg: FDI equity inflow calendar 2025545Opposed
Figure 42.10. Hindutva-aligned vs opposed, counted rows (₹ crore)
Hindutva-aligned 0 ₹ crore · 0.0%Opposed 17,74,230 ₹ crore · 96.6%Transactional 0 ₹ crore · 0.0%Neutral / not counted 63,000 ₹ crore · 3.4%
Data table
₹ croreShare
Hindutva-aligned00.0%
Opposed17,74,23096.6%
Transactional00.0%
Neutral / not counted63,0003.4%
Figure 42.11. The 6 biggest of 6 (₹ crore)
Luxembourg: FPI assets under custody by domicile (all segments)5,20,996
Ireland: FPI assets under custody by domicile (all segments)5,12,102
UK: FPI assets under custody by domicile (all segments)3,11,797
Norway: FPI assets under custody by domicile (all segments)2,58,130
France: FPI assets under custody by domicile (all segments)1,71,205
France: Rafale Marine contract (26 jets)63,000
OpposedNeutral / not counted
Data table
₹ croreSide
Luxembourg: FPI assets under custody by domicile (all segments)5,20,996Opposed
Ireland: FPI assets under custody by domicile (all segments)5,12,102Opposed
UK: FPI assets under custody by domicile (all segments)3,11,797Opposed
Norway: FPI assets under custody by domicile (all segments)2,58,130Opposed
France: FPI assets under custody by domicile (all segments)1,71,205Opposed
France: Rafale Marine contract (26 jets)63,000Neutral / not counted
Figure 42.12. Each counted row (%)Rates and shares are not added up: each row is its own reading.
France: France share of India arms imports29
France: India share of French arms exports24
UK: India share of new international students in UK HE23
UK: Share of India inward remittances (banks)10.8
Germany: Share of India inward remittances (banks)1
Netherlands: Share of India inward remittances (banks)0.5
France: Share of India inward remittances (banks)0.2
0100%
Hindutva-alignedOpposed
Data table
%Side
France: France share of India arms imports29Opposed
France: India share of French arms exports24Hindutva-aligned
UK: India share of new international students in UK HE23Opposed
UK: Share of India inward remittances (banks)10.8Opposed
Germany: Share of India inward remittances (banks)1Opposed
Netherlands: Share of India inward remittances (banks)0.5Opposed
France: Share of India inward remittances (banks)0.2Opposed
Figure 42.13. The 15 biggest of 19 (exclusion (count))
NBIM (GPFG) excludes Adani Green Energy1
NBIM (GPFG) excludes Adani Ports and Special Economic Zone Ltd1
NBIM (GPFG) excludes Bharat Electronics Ltd1
NBIM (GPFG) excludes Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd1
NBIM (GPFG) excludes CESC Ltd1
NBIM (GPFG) excludes Coal India Ltd1
NBIM (GPFG) excludes GAIL India Ltd1
NBIM (GPFG) excludes Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd1
NBIM (GPFG) excludes ITC Ltd1
NBIM (GPFG) excludes Larsen & Toubro Ltd1
NBIM (GPFG) excludes NHPC Ltd1
NBIM (GPFG) excludes NTPC Ltd1
NBIM (GPFG) excludes Oil & Natural Gas Corp Ltd1
NBIM (GPFG) excludes Page Industries Ltd1
NBIM (GPFG) excludes Reliance Infrastructure Ltd1
Data table
exclusion (count)Side
NBIM (GPFG) excludes Adani Green Energy1Opposed
NBIM (GPFG) excludes Adani Ports and Special Economic Zone Ltd1Opposed
NBIM (GPFG) excludes Bharat Electronics Ltd1Opposed
NBIM (GPFG) excludes Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd1Opposed
NBIM (GPFG) excludes CESC Ltd1Opposed
NBIM (GPFG) excludes Coal India Ltd1Opposed
NBIM (GPFG) excludes GAIL India Ltd1Opposed
NBIM (GPFG) excludes Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd1Opposed
NBIM (GPFG) excludes ITC Ltd1Opposed
NBIM (GPFG) excludes Larsen & Toubro Ltd1Opposed
NBIM (GPFG) excludes NHPC Ltd1Opposed
NBIM (GPFG) excludes NTPC Ltd1Opposed
NBIM (GPFG) excludes Oil & Natural Gas Corp Ltd1Opposed
NBIM (GPFG) excludes Page Industries Ltd1Opposed
NBIM (GPFG) excludes Reliance Infrastructure Ltd1Opposed

Measure 4. Europe: Defence interdependence

Reading 45.3%

SIPRI 2021-25

Measure 5. Europe: European-origin grants

Reading 9.4%

₹485 cr H vs ₹4,660 cr R

Figure 42.14. The money flow: from whom, through which camp, to where1043 flows counted, ₹11,723 crore.
foundation → Opposed: ₹10,330 crfoundation → Neutral / not counted: ₹1,287 crdiaspora charity → Opposed: ₹44 crfaith-based / church agency → Opposed: ₹40 crdiaspora charity → Neutral / not counted: ₹11 crfaith-based / church agency → Hindutva-aligned: ₹11 crOpposed → Indian grantee: ₹10,413 crNeutral / not counted → Indian grantee: ₹1,299 crHindutva → Indian grantee: ₹11 crfoundation: ₹11,617 crfoundation · ₹11,617diaspora charity: ₹55 crfaith-based / church agency: ₹51 crHindutva-aligned: ₹11 crOpposed: ₹10,413 cr88.8%Neutral / not counted: ₹1,299 crIndian grantee: ₹11,723 crIndian grantee · ₹11,723
Hindutva-aligned ₹11 cr · 0.1%Opposed ₹10,413 cr · 88.8%Neutral / not counted ₹1,299 cr · 11.1%
Left: where the money comes from · Middle: the camp it strengthens · Right: where it goes
Figure 42.15. The biggest sources, by the camp their money strengthens (₹ crore)
IKEA Foundation3,292
Wellcome Trust2,876
Children's Investment Fund Foundation2,761
Oak Foundation654
Laudes Foundation380
UBS Optimus Foundation379
Fondation Botnar152
H&M Foundation138
Postcode Lotteries123
World Diabetes Foundation95.5
LEGO Foundation94.2
Van Leer Foundation78.9
Hindutva-alignedOpposedTransactionalNeutral / not counted
Data table
Hindutva-alignedOpposedTransactionalNeutral / not countedTotal
IKEA Foundation03,266025.23,292
Wellcome Trust01,85201,0242,876
Children's Investment Fund Foundation02,59001712,761
Oak Foundation0638015.8654
Laudes Foundation037109.16380
UBS Optimus Foundation037800.94379
Fondation Botnar015200152
H&M Foundation013800138
Postcode Lotteries012101.52123
World Diabetes Foundation095.50095.5
LEGO Foundation094.20094.2
Van Leer Foundation048.2030.778.9
Figure 42.16. The biggest recipients (₹ crore)
India Alliance (DBT Wellcome Trust India Allianc841
Powering Health476
total expenditure of India-only charity (proxy; 397
Sustain+ Platform322
Renewable energy for livelihoods219
University of Oxford211
University of Edinburgh211
Scaling Pure Towards Meeting Aspirations & Clima187
National University of Singapore183
India SRHR Choices177
Integrated Wasting Management143
Digital Skilling and Entrepreneurship131
Hindutva-alignedOpposedTransactionalNeutral / not counted
Data table
Hindutva-alignedOpposedTransactionalNeutral / not countedTotal
India Alliance (DBT Wellcome Trust India Allianc000841841
Powering Health047600476
total expenditure of India-only charity (proxy; 6.6738505.81397
Sustain+ Platform032200322
Renewable energy for livelihoods021900219
University of Oxford021100211
University of Edinburgh021100211
Scaling Pure Towards Meeting Aspirations & Clima018700187
National University of Singapore018300183
India SRHR Choices017700177
Integrated Wasting Management014300143
Digital Skilling and Entrepreneurship013100131
Figure 42.17. By country of origin (₹ crore)
GB6,291
NL3,493
CH1,565
DK190
SE138
ES46.3
Hindutva-alignedOpposedTransactionalNeutral / not counted
Data table
Hindutva-alignedOpposedTransactionalNeutral / not countedTotal
GB11.05,06501,2156,291
NL03,436057.43,493
CH01,539025.91,565
DK019000190
SE013800138
ES046.30046.3

Measure 6. Context: shown for reference, not part of the reading

Figure 42.18. Over time: Hostile acts recorded, Europe: Hostile acts recorded (events)
0510152020182020202220242026Hostile acts recorded 2017: 1eventsHostile acts recorded 2018: 2eventsHostile acts recorded 2019: 3eventsHostile acts recorded 2022: 3eventsHostile acts recorded 2023: 8eventsHostile acts recorded 2024: 11eventsHostile acts recorded 2025: 20eventsHostile acts recorded 2026: 18eventsEurope: Hostile acts recorded 2022: 2eventsEurope: Hostile acts recorded 2023: 2eventsEurope: Hostile acts recorded 2024: 1eventsEurope: Hostile acts recorded 2025: 6eventsEurope: Hostile acts recorded 2026: 3eventsEurope: Hostile acts recorded 2027: 1events181
Hostile acts recordedEurope: Hostile acts recorded
Data table
Hostile acts recordedEurope: Hostile acts recorded
20171
20182
20193
202232
202382
2024111
2025206
2026183
20271
Figure 42.19. Planning threat of each global player (reach × hostility, out of 100)Each player’s weight out of 5 = threat ÷ 20, unless set by hand.
Western media, academia, philanthropy and rights bodies84.6
USA72
China72
Big Tech53.1
Global Islam47.1
India Abroad: Diaspora & Soft Power40
Others16.5
Global Christianity9
Data table
ValueSide
Western media, academia, philanthropy and rights bodies84.6Other
USA72Other
China72Other
Big Tech53.1Other
Global Islam47.1Other
India Abroad: Diaspora & Soft Power40Other
Others16.5Opposed
Global Christianity9Other

42.6Evidence base

The arena rests on 510 coded units and 79 time-series points. Of the units and flows, 71 are coded Hindutva-aligned, 312 opposed and 127 neutral, mixed or transactional. By source grade: 334 grade A, 28 grade B, 129 grade C, 8 grade D, 11 grade E.

The full set of rows for this arena, each with its source, is in the Atlas data file (Appendix D).

Notes

  1. Bangladesh moved to Global Islam. ↩
  2. 88.7% of crude imported. ↩
  3. India 2.3% of EU trade in goods (DG Trade, 2025) vs EU 11.4% of India’s. ↩
  4. SIPRI 2021-25. ↩
  5. ₹485 cr H vs ₹4,660 cr R. ↩